Law of Sines Calculator — Solve Triangle Sides & Angles

The Formula

The law of sines relates the side lengths of any triangle to the sines of its opposite angles. The ratio of any side length to the sine of its opposite angle is constant and equal to the diameter of the circumscribed circle (2R). This relationship holds for all triangles, including acute, obtuse, and right triangles, making it one of the most versatile tools in trigonometry for solving unknown sides and angles.

Variable Definitions

How to Use This Calculator

1. 1

   Enter at least 3 known values from the triangle, with at least one complete side-angle pair (e.g., side a and angle A, or side b and angle B).

2. 2

   Leave unknown fields empty. The calculator will solve for all missing sides, angles, and the circumradius.

3. 3

   The law of sines equation a/sin(A) = b/sin(B) = c/sin(C) = 2R is applied to find the ratio, then all missing values are computed from it.

4. 4

   Use the results section to see the complete triangle solution, including the circumradius R and the constant ratio value.

5. 5

   For best results, provide two angles and one side (ASA or AAS), or two sides and a non-included angle (SSA). Note that the ambiguous SSA case may yield one valid solution.

Quick Reference

Common Applications

• Surveying and navigation: determining distances between points that are not directly measurable by creating triangles from known baselines and measuring angles
• Astronomy: calculating distances to stars and planets using triangulation from two observation points on Earth
• Civil engineering: designing bridges, roofs, and trusses where non-right triangles must be solved for structural calculations
• Physics: resolving vector components and forces in non-orthogonal coordinate systems
• Architecture: computing roof pitches, dormer angles, and other structural elements where right-angle assumptions do not apply

The law of sines relates each side to the sine of its opposite angle. The circumradius R is the radius of the circle passing through all three vertices.

Understanding the Concept

The law of sines is a fundamental relationship in trigonometry that applies to any triangle, not just right triangles. It states that the ratio of a side length to the sine of its opposite angle is constant across all three sides of a triangle. This constant is equal to the diameter (2R) of the circumscribed circle that passes through all three vertices. The law of sines is derived from the geometry of the circumcircle. For any triangle ABC, the central angle subtended by chord a (side BC) at the center of the circumcircle is 2A (twice the inscribed angle A). The chord length a is therefore 2R sin(A), which rearranges to a/sin(A) = 2R. The same reasoning applies to sides b and c, yielding the complete law of sines. The law of sines is particularly useful when working with non-right triangles. It is the primary tool for solving ASA (angle-side-angle) and AAS (angle-angle-side) configurations, where two angles and any side are known. In these cases, the third angle is immediately found from the sum of angles (A + B + C = 180 degrees), and then the remaining sides are computed using the sine ratio. The law of sines also handles SSA (side-side-angle) configurations, though these present the ambiguous case: given two sides and a non-included angle, there may be zero, one, or two possible triangles. This ambiguity arises because the sine function is positive for both acute and obtuse angles (sin(θ) = sin(180° - θ)). For example, if sin(B) = 0.8, angle B could be approximately 53.1° or 126.9°. The correct solution depends on whether the sum of the known angle and the candidate angle remains less than 180 degrees. In right triangles (where one angle equals 90 degrees), the law of sines simplifies to standard SOH CAH TOA relationships: sin(90°) = 1, so the side opposite the right angle equals R, the circumdiameter. The law of sines is also closely related to the law of cosines, and together they form the complete toolkit for solving any triangle given sufficient information. In practical applications, the law of sines is used extensively in surveying, where surveyors measure a baseline distance and two angles to determine the location of a distant point through triangulation. The same principle is used in GPS trilateration, astronomy for measuring stellar distances, and in computer graphics for 3D rendering calculations.

Frequently Asked Questions

Sources & References